Biology Honors

2/23/2012

Homework

• Finish Earthworm Lab
• Make isopod lab
• Nature Article

What we did in class

• Earthworm Lab
• Isopod Lab Design

In the earthworm lab, we got an earthworm, placed it on a piece of wet paper towel and observed many things.

We observed the:

• Anterior End
• Posterior End
• Dorsal side
• Ventral Side
• The way it moved

Next we measured the legnth, in centimeters, and the number of segments

The results of each group(length(cm), # of segments):

1. 20.5, 175
2. 18, 150
3. 17, 152
4. 16, 164
5. 21, 188

Then we looked and felt the clitellum, setae, and seminal receptacles. We then predicted if it sensed light, odor, sound, taste and touch. We did a test to see if they responded to wetness/ dryness and the worm seemed to sense both. A test with ammonia to see if it can smell, and it was able to. Finally we did our own experiment to see if it sensed light.

Tomorrow you are suppose to have a detailed design for the isopod lab.

Hope this post helps out.

Next post is ***Melissa

Thanks

Michael D

Scribe Post 1/5/12

Today in class we watched part of a Bill Nye video, then took notes on gametogenesis, and ended class with the mammalian gametes lab (p. 35-38).

Homework:

1. Finish Lab (p. 35-58)


2. Pages 15-18 in UP
3. Study for test
4. Study for final

NOTES

Reproduction and Development

Gametogenesis (p. 5-8)

This section was mostly about how we make gametes

• Gametogenesis is the production of gametes


• Gametes are half of a diploid cell(haploid) that is developed by meiosis

We took notes on female gametogenesis first.

• OOGENESIS is the development of eggs within the ovaries


• AT BIRTH a follicle contains a primary (1 degree) oocybe which is dormant
• OOCYBE is a diploid cell that pauses it meiosis prophase 1
• FSH (follicle simulating hormone) triggers the devlopment of the follicle
• Eventually the follicle completes meiosis 1 and moves on to meiosis 2
• Only 1 secondary(2 degree) oocyte receives most of the cytoplasm
• Polar Body is the cell that gets little cytoplasm
• Ovulation starts when the pituitary gland has secreted luteinizing hormone
• Meiosis 2 is completed only if a sperm fuses with the 2 degree oocyte
• A second polar body is formed due to meiosis 2

Male Gametogenesis

• Spermatogenesis is the formation of the sperm cell
• Formed in seminiferous tubules
• Mitosis is used so that the testes does not run out of sperm to copy
• Meiosis produces 2 secondary spermatocytes
• Then 4 spermatids are created in meiosis 2
• Sperm fully mature(grow int their shape) at the epididymis and then stored until ejaculation

• 

These are the differences between male and female gametogenesis

• FEMALE
• Ovaries
• produces until metapause
• 1 gamete from parent cell
• Large
• Nonmotile and full of nutrients
• Completed by stimulation of sperm cell
• MALE
• Testes
• Produced everyday until death
• 4gametes from parent cell
• Small
• Motile and little nutrients
• Completed before sperm leaves the testes

Thanks, Michael

Next Scribe: Helen

Blog For Friday, 9/30/11

On Friday we:

• Took cell notes on the world of cells
  

The Homework:

• Cell Doctor(33-35)




• EC: Create your own cell doctor with answers on the back
  

The World Of Cells

• All living things are made up of cells




• New cells are produced from existing cells




• Basic unit of structure

We See Cells With Microscopes

• Light microscopes-0.2 micrometers




• Electron microscope-0.2 nanometers




• 2 Types of electron microscopes-scanning(for the surface) and Transmission(for internal)

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

• Bacteria and archea




• Pro=Before




• Krayon=kernel(nucleus)




• Plants, Protists, Animal, Fungi




• Eu=true

Plant Cells and Animal Cells

• Both have membranes, nucleus, cytoplasm


• Plant cells are squared (square morphology) and have chloroplast and a cell wall


• Animal cells have centrioles and are rounded(round morphology)

Cell Organelles

Organelles-little organs, struture with a specialized functionwithin a cell

Nucleus:

• Nuclear envelope-double membrane with pores


• Materials pass through pores


• DNA is found in the nucleus in the form of chromatin


• Nucleolus is the site of ribosome prodution

Ribosomes:

• Freely in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum


• Responsible for assisting in protein synthesis, makes enzymes and proteins


• Ribosomes on the RER are responsible for making the proteins used in membranes and ones that will be secreted by the cell

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Produces proteins


• products are moved to other locations by transport vesicle

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Synthesizes lipids


• Cells in liver detoxify drugs and poisons in blood


• Can lead to tolerance of the drug

Golgi Apparatus

• Shipping Center


• Works with ER and finished, stores, and distributes chemical products of the cell

Lysosomes

• Lysosomes=Breakdown Body


• A membrane enclosed sac of digestive enzymes


• safely allows material to be digested


• Fuses with vacuoles to digest food


• Destroy harmful bacteria


• REcycles damaged organelles


• Tay Sachs disease

Vacoules

• Multiple sizes and functions


• Food Vacoule


• Contractile Vacoule


• Stores organic nutrients. Absorb water

Chloroplasts

• Organelles in plants and protists that perform photosynthesis


• Converts sunlight to energy


• Stroma-thick fluid inside


• Grana-in stroma, network of tubes and disks,traps sun

Mitochondreia

• Cellular respiration


• Sugars to ATP


• ATP=energy=work


• Inner membrane has multiple foldings called cristae

Cytoskeleton

• Cytoskeleton-network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm


• Support and shapes the cell


• Muscles for movement rearrangement of cytoskeleton causes the cell to move

Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubles

• Solid Rods copmosed of actin


• Shapes and moves the cell


• Actin works with other fibers


• Ropelike fiberous proteins


• Bearing tensions


• Anchors Organelles


• Straight, hollow tubes called tubulins


• Shapes, tracks for organelles to move, Guide movements of chromosomes during cell division, movement of cilia and flagella

Cilia

• Shorter, more numerous


• Propel protists


• can be damaged from smoking

Flagella

• Propel sperm, other animals and protists

Microtubule Structures

• Forms a 9+2 Arrangement


• 9 microtubules doublets form a ring and surround a centeral pair of micro tubules


• To move cilia or flagella, motor protein called dyneins grab onto microtubule

Thank you for reading my blog, sorry it is late, I was confused over the weekend. Sorry there were no pictures, they didn't work. It would just mess up the formatting.

Sincerely,

Michael