Scribe Post for Monday, January 9, 2012

Today In Class:

-Checked UP pgs. 9-14

-Almost Finished Notes on Pregnancy (One slide left)

Key Things to Remember from Notes:

- Gestation: the carrying of developing child in the womb from conception to birth

-Child is carried for approximately 266 days (9 months)

-About one week after conception, the blastocyst implants in the endometrial wall of the uterus

-Trophoblast: outer cell layer of the blastocyst, which becomes part of the placenta

-Placenta: the organ that provides nourishment and oxygen to the embryo, and gets rid of metabolic waste

4 Pieces of Life Support After

Implantation: (See image above)

1. Amnion: fluid filled sac that encloses and protects the embryo, breaks before child-birth

2. Yolk Sac: produces embryo's first blood and germ cells

3. Allantois: forms part of urinary bladder and umbilical cord

4. Chorion: part of placenta, maintains high levels of estrogen and progesterone in mother's blood for 2 reasons: so new follicles do not mature, and to prevent menstruation

The placenta...

-carries chronic villi: embryonic blood vessels in close contact with material blood supply

-keep in mind: mother and baby's blood DO NOT MIX.

-By diffusion, nutrients, oxygen, antibodies, viruses, and drugs move from mother to embryo and waste moves from embryo to mother.

First Trimester

5-9 weeks

Makes change from embryo to fetus.

5 week embryo

-7 mm from crown to rump (not legs)

-brain and spinal cord

-starting to produce limbs, small tail and gill pouches

9 week fetus

-5.5 cm

-placenta, umbilical cord, amnion

-all organs and body parts present

-can move

Second Trimester

increase in size and refinement

14 week fetus

-6 cm (not large size difference)

Ultrasound

-can be performed when fetus is 18 weeks

-shows sex and physical abnormalities

20 week fetus

-19 cm

-1 lb

-nails, eyelashes, and hair are present

Third Trimester

rapid growth

Birth

-Premature babies 24 weeks or older may survive with medical care

-circulatory and respiratory systems prepare for breathing

-head of fetus rotates toward cervix

-Birth Averages: 50 cm (20 inches), 2.7-4.5 kg (6-10 lbs)

-rhythmic contractions of uterus controlled by estrogen and oxytocin

estrogen induces oxytocin receptors

oxytocin causes uterus to contract

3 Steps of Childbirth

1. CERVIX DILATES (from 0 to 10 cm) Ave 6-12 hours

2. Full dilation of cervix, strong contractions (Ave 20-60 mins)

-clamp umbilical cord as soon as baby comes out so it gets used to breathing air

3. Delivery of PLACENTA

-afterbirth

-15 mins. after birth

HOMEWORK:

-Stem Cell Debate Wednesday

-Study for QUIZ WEDNESDAY and TEST THURSDAY

-Review for finals!

Thanks,

Sophia

NEXT SCRIBE: ***ALEXIS***

Friday, January 6,2012

Today in class we:

1. 
   
   Turned in UP. Pg. 35-38


2. 
   
   Checked in and stamped UP. Pg. 15-18


3. 
   
   Went over answers for UP. Pg. 15-18


4. 
   
   Finished notes for Female Reproductive Cycle

Homework...

1. 
   
   Prelab UP. Pg. 9-14


2. 
   
   Study for finals

UP. Pg. 15-18 Answers:

1. Describe the levels of the estrogens in the blood at the beginning of the follicle phase.

The estrogen level in blood was low.

2. How does the hypothylamas react to the level of estrogens at the beginning of the follicle phase?

The hypothylamas produced a releasing hormone to stimulate bringing FSH/LH into the blood.

3. What happens to the lining of the uterus when estrogen levels rise?

The uterus lining thickens.

4. Which phase is the shortest phase in the cycle? What horminal activity begins in this phase?

Ovulation begins after a sudden push of FSH/LH, which causes the follicle to release a mature ovum.

5. What hormone is released by the corpus luteum immediately after ovulation?

Progesterone.

6. During what phase are the chances of an egg being fertilized greates?

At the beginning of luteal phase.

7. If the egg is not fertilized, a partiticular hormone falls below a certain level and signals the start of menstruation. What is this hormone?

Estrogen.

Female Reproductive Cycle Notes:

Reproductive Cycle

• recurring series of events that have a cycle of about 28 days



• producing gametes that are available for fertilization



• preparing body for pregnancy



• Ovarian Cycle: growth and release of hormone



• Mentrual Cycle:preparation of uterus for embryo implantation

Phases

1. Menstruation

• around day 1-5


• uterine bleeding due to breakdown of endometrium


• sign of no embryo implantation

2. Follicle

• matures


• releases estrogen

3. Ovulation

• day 14


• matured egg released from the ovary (usually one)

4. Luteal

• develpoment of corpus luteum


• releases progesterone

Hypothalamas: reads level of hormones in brain

Hormones

• 
  
  FSH

---follicle stimulating hormone

---from anterior pituitary

• 
  
  LH
  ---luteinizing hormone

---from anterior pituitary

---peaks about day 14

---stimulates completion of meiosis I

---promotes secretion of more estrogen and progesterone

---ovulation test

• Estrogen

---released from matures follicles

---thickens endometrium

---inhibits more FSH/LH release

• Progesterone

---released from corpus luteum

---thickens endometrium

• When egg is released...

---low FSH and LH :don't want another egg!

---high estrogen and progesterone: thick endometrium!

• HCG

---human chorionic gonadotropin

---present if embryo implants in endometrium

---maintains corpus luteum

---continues to secrete estrogen and progesterone

---pregnancy test

Secondary sex characteristics

• Male

---deeper voice

---beard and body hair

---chest broadens

---larger muscles

---longer growth stage

• Female

---enlargement of breasts and reproductive organs

---wider hips

---hair in armpits and pubic area

---menstruation

---fat deposits under skin

Next Scribe: **Sophia**

Scribe Post 1/5/12

Today in class we watched part of a Bill Nye video, then took notes on gametogenesis, and ended class with the mammalian gametes lab (p. 35-38).

Homework:

1. Finish Lab (p. 35-58)


2. Pages 15-18 in UP
3. Study for test
4. Study for final

NOTES

Reproduction and Development

Gametogenesis (p. 5-8)

This section was mostly about how we make gametes

• Gametogenesis is the production of gametes


• Gametes are half of a diploid cell(haploid) that is developed by meiosis

We took notes on female gametogenesis first.

• OOGENESIS is the development of eggs within the ovaries


• AT BIRTH a follicle contains a primary (1 degree) oocybe which is dormant
• OOCYBE is a diploid cell that pauses it meiosis prophase 1
• FSH (follicle simulating hormone) triggers the devlopment of the follicle
• Eventually the follicle completes meiosis 1 and moves on to meiosis 2
• Only 1 secondary(2 degree) oocyte receives most of the cytoplasm
• Polar Body is the cell that gets little cytoplasm
• Ovulation starts when the pituitary gland has secreted luteinizing hormone
• Meiosis 2 is completed only if a sperm fuses with the 2 degree oocyte
• A second polar body is formed due to meiosis 2

Male Gametogenesis

• Spermatogenesis is the formation of the sperm cell
• Formed in seminiferous tubules
• Mitosis is used so that the testes does not run out of sperm to copy
• Meiosis produces 2 secondary spermatocytes
• Then 4 spermatids are created in meiosis 2
• Sperm fully mature(grow int their shape) at the epididymis and then stored until ejaculation

• 

These are the differences between male and female gametogenesis

• FEMALE
• Ovaries
• produces until metapause
• 1 gamete from parent cell
• Large
• Nonmotile and full of nutrients
• Completed by stimulation of sperm cell
• MALE
• Testes
• Produced everyday until death
• 4gametes from parent cell
• Small
• Motile and little nutrients
• Completed before sperm leaves the testes

Thanks, Michael

Next Scribe: Helen

"Miracle of Life" The Human Anatomy

Happy New Year!
Today in class, we went over page 4 in the packet which was our homework. We had a memorable discussion about it.


We also took notes on the Human Reproduction as well and ideas that we should study for the test.






We learned about gonads, which are the organs that produce the gametes for the body and that both genders have them. Also, the DUCTS (not ducks), which are tubes.












First we learned about the Female Reproductive Anatomy:
~Ovaries:site of gamete production

~Follicles: consists of a single developing cell and when it ruptures its OVULATION

~Ovulation: egg cell is ejected from the follicle

~Corpus Luteum: Name of the remaining follicle tissue

~Oviduct also known as the Fallopian Tube (know both): where the cilia sweeps the egg towards the uterus AND FERTILIZATION MAY OCCUR HERE

-Oviduct is the location where a woman can have ectopic pregnancy where the egg gets stuck and grows causing the egg to die and may kill the mother if untreated

~Uterus:is the actual site of pregnancy

~Endometrium: blood-rich layer of tissue that lines the uterus, the lining gets thicker during pregnancy (embryo implants and develops here)

~Embryo: from zygote stage to about 9 weeks

~Fetus: from 9 weeks stage to birth

~Cervix: the bottom of the uterus, appears closed, but actually is really small that only sperm can get through

~Vagina: birth canal and where the sperm is deposited

~Vulva: outer structures of the female anatomy

~Urethra: tube where the urine is excreted, it part of both the digestive and reproductive systems

~Labia Minor: skin folds so it borders the vagina and is closer to the middle then the Labia Major

~Labia Major: fatty skin folds that protect the genital region, more on the outside

~Hymen: it is a thin membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening and can easily fall off if they do activities like gymnastics

~Clitoris: short shaft that supports the glans and are very sensitive because of the nerves, and this gives the pleasure to make reproduction more successful

Front view

Left view or the view facing the door
when you are in biology class

Next is the Male Anatomy
~Penis: contains erectile tissue that fills up with blood, this causes an erection and a has a shaft that supports the glans, which is at the tip of the penis

~Testes: the male gonads located OUTSIDE THE BODY in the scrotum

~Scrotum is the sac that holds the testes away from the body because sperm develops and functions better when it is a little lower than 98.6 degrees

~Epididymis: this stores the sperm while it finishes maturing

~Ejaculation: is the expulsion of sperm that also contains fluid from the penis

Left view, if facing the door in the biology class



Right view, if facing the wall in the biology class









***An additional note is that the Nervous System controls the body (reproductive)***

WHAT TO KNOW FOR THE TEST:
-Structure Questions: WHAT IS IT, WHERE IS IT, and WHAT DOES IT DO?
-KNOW PATHWAYS OF BOTH EGG AND SPERM:
EGG
1)Ovary
2)Oviduct/ Fallopian Tube
3)Uterus
4)Cervix
5) Vagina

SPERM
1)Testis (testes)
2)Scrotum
3)Epididymus
4)Vas Deferans
5) Urethra


-Know the Views of the Body, for example the pictures you need to be able to determine the view just by looking at them(know the view before answering the question)



HOMEWORK FOR TODAY: PRE-LAB 35-38 READ AND if you want Answer critcal thinking questions if you know the answer to them
STUDY FOR TEST AND THE FINAL

Thank you, Dustin
Next Scribe is Michael***