Scribe Post April 30th

Today In Class:
Stamped UP 13-17
Urinalysis Lab UP 27-38
Went over UP 10-11 and 13-17
Got a study guide ch 21
Urinalysis
In this lab we analyzed 4 different urine samples, to compare them to the "ideal urine". By performing different tests on the urine samples, we had to identify what conditions the patients had. For example, glucose in the urine = diabetes.
Physical Characteristics: we observed the urine


Sample     Color             Clarity                                                           Scent            pH
Patient 1=neon yellow        All were clear ex. patient 3 was cloudy    no scent                6
Patient 2=Light Orange                                                                    smokey scent       4
Patient 3=pale yellow                                                                         sour scent         7
Patient 4= Neon-ish yellow                                                              nothing                 7

Benedict's Test (for sugar)- heated the urine samples with Benedict solution
Before heating:           Color after heating                                              Results (+/-)                                      
all were blue/green     All same as before except Patient 1 was red brown         All - except patient 1 is +
Patient 1 has glucose in urine

Biuret Test (for proteins)-added Biuret solution to the urine samples and examined a color change
Initial Colors                                    Final Color                                      Results
(see physical characteristics chart)     All green except Patient 2 is orange     all - except Patient 2 is +
Patient 2 has protein in urine

We did not get to the microscope part

Page 11:
1. I
2. J         the collecting tubule
3. K (proteins are BIG)
4. E
5. J      no sugar in collecting tubule or else its diabetes
6. D     proteins are BIG

13-17
Kidney Dialysis

There is salt in dialysis bag, not in cup. After, there is salt in the bag, not in the cup. Color of the bad is red, the water is clear. After the bag is still red, but the water is yellow.

1. The bag is the circulatory system. The salt is the blood cells. The waste from the blood is emptied into the cup, the nephron. The salt, blood cells do not get through because they are too big. There shouldn't be blood in the urine
2. Kidneys are like water treatment plants because they filter the solution and pump it back cleaned.
3. Kidneys also are red blood cells producers, and they regulate blood pressure and calcium levels.
4. Urine can be analyzed to determine the condition of a patient. For ex. glucose in urine means diabetes.
5. The blood stays in the circulatory system in a normal kidney. Ammonia goes into the nephron and is excreted as urea.
6. Land animals are constantly losing water.... ( can anyone add?)

HOMEWORK:
Read Ch 22
Quiz tmrw on excretion and tissues!
Design a quiz 5/8
Lab 27-38 finish
UP 39-40
Ch 21 study guide


NEXT SCRIBE.....JEREMY

Scribe Post 2/27/12

Today in Class...

-Turned in the isopod lab

-Starfish dissecting lab- UP 63-66

-Watched a video about invertebrates

Starfish Lab

Starfish are a part of the Echinodermata Phylum

-echin means prickly

-derma means skin

Starfish feel prickly and squishy

Parts of Starfish- what we looked for

Dorsal View

Central disc- center of starfish

Rays- "arms" usually five

Madreoporic plate- small yellow or red structure on central disc

Spines- hard, covers everything, part of exoskeleton

Aye spot- tip of each arm

Anus- opening in center of central disk

Ventral View

Mouth- center of central disk, surrounded with spines

Ambulacral groove- groove along center of rays

Tube feet- at tips of ambulacral groove, help with movement

After snipping of the tip of one ray, there is a gland called the pyloric cecum - part of digestive system

There are 5 in a starfish

Starfish have separate sexes,

testes are gray, ovaries are orange- but it is hard to tell in preserved starfish

There are 5 paris of gonads in a starfish

They have 2 stomachs

The mouth is on the ventral side- above stomach

The anus is on the dorsal side-under stomach

Water vascular system- Madreoporic plate and anything connected to it

Tube feet- suction cups, help starfish move and hold prey

Ampullae- connected to a tube foot, pink and bulblike

5 Radial Canals- inside ambbulacral groove, long hollow tube that is connected to all other radial canals through ring canal

1 circular canal

Human Ciculatory system is like the Starfish's Vascular sytem because they both have "canals"(blood vessels) that transport things

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pMAFZgiQ5OM&feature=related

Video:

Invertebrates can live without vertebrates, but vertebrates can't live without invertebrates.

Most animals are invertebrates.

Not the same video but its a good review about invertebrates:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rU-pqs6gVPc

Homework:

Finish UP 63-66

Up 75-76

Nature due this Friday

Next Scribe:

Brianna

Scribe Post for Friday, October 21

Today in Class:


Ms. Andrews stamped UP 31-32, we corrected it in class.


Watched 5 min Germ Theory Video


Immunity Notes



UP 31-32

Disease Agent How Spread

• Common Cold : Many viruses
  


• Influenza: Virus



• Malaria: Parasite (Plasmodium)



• Typhus: Bacteria (Ricksettia) spread by ticks fleas mites and body lice.



• Tuberculosis: Bacteria



• Whooping Cough: Bacteria



• Poliomyelitis: Virus



• Rabies: Virus Bite from infected mammal



• Infectious Mononucleosis: Virus



• Mumps: Virus



• Pneumonia: Bacteria, Fungi, Virus



• Meningitis: Bacteria, Virus



• Ringworm: Fungus touching the fungi, contact with a person with ringworm or something the person has touched
  


• Tetanus: Bacterium



• Chicken Pox: Virus



• AIDS: Virus



• Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever: Bacteria (Rickettsia)



• Amoebic Dysentery: Protozoan (Amoeba)



• Streptococcal Soar Throat: Bacterium



• German Measles: Virus
  


• Botulism: Bacteria



• Athletes Foot: Fungus
  


• Measles: Virus
  

Germ Theory Video

Before the late 1800s, doctors didn't see a need to wash hands because they didn't know about germs. This caused the death of many patients.

Louis Pasteur:

lost 3 out of his 5 kids to typhoid fever- inspired him to figure out the cause

he had a beer and wine industry- wanted to figure out what made his products spoil

discovered contamination of germs

he boiled the wine and sourness went away-"Pasteurization method"

this led to discovery of Germ Theory: One Microorganism causes one disease in everybody.

Immunity Notes:

Overview of Body's Defenses against pathogens:

Cells are specific-specific protiens- (have name tags). Body atacks cells that have different name tags

First Line of Defense:Not Specific

• External barriers: physical barriers and chemical agents that prevent foreign invaders from getting deep inside



• skin-main



• Mucous Membranes- hair and mucus in nostrils



• Secretions of Skin and Membrane-sweat saliva tears contain lysozymes that disrupt bacteria cell wall.

-Also the saltiness of the sweat saliva and tears=hypertonic solution that causes the bacteria cell to lyse.

Second Line of Defense: Not Specific

• Internal- invader penetrates inside external barriers
  


• Phagocytic white blood cells called leukocytes prduced in bone marrow.



• Neutrophils- phagocytic WBCs that engulf bacteria and viruses in infected tissue



• macrophages- large amoeboid WBCs
  


• Natural killer/cytotoxic cells- attack virus infected body cells, causing them to burst.
  


• Defensive proteins
  
  


• Complement proteins- proteins in blood that can flag the microbe surface for easier identification by macrophages, cut holes in microbial membranes to cause death, and speed up inflammatory response, cause invading cells to lyse.
  


• Interferons- interfere with microbes. proteins made by virus infected cells (interferons) bind to nearby healthy cells the help the infected cell. The healthy cells produces proteins that inhibit viral replication .



• Inflammatory Response when tissue is damaged, body's response.

Bacteria releases exotoxins that the phagocytes sense.

Phagocytes move into infected area with fluid, causes swelling. Phagocytes, macrophages, neutrophils engulf bacteria and cell debris, tisue heals.

Histamines- chemical causing blood vessels to dilate and leak fluid into tissue making it swell (swelling helps dilute toxins from bacteria, bring O2, promotes scabbing)

Prostaglandins- chemical increases blood flow to wond causing redness, warmth, sends pain signal to brain.

Pyrons are chemicals (fire makers) that travel to hypothalamus in brain causing fever. This is bad when enzymes denature.

The first and second line of defense are not specific because they don't really know what they're attacking and just want to get the bad thing out. (do not distinguish microorganisms)

Lymphatic System (falls in between)

• returns tissue fluid to circulatory system


• fights infection


• has network vessels


• lymph noodles


• bone marrow


• spleen, tonsils, thymus


• main battle ground when fighting infection


• swollen glands is when lymph nodes fill with lyphocytes


• where WBCs stored

Third Line of Defense: Specific

• when nonspecific defenses fail


• recognizes and attacks inading microbes like bacteria, cancer cells, prtozoa, pollen, parasitic worms, house dust, mold spores, cells of tranplanted tisssue


• antigen- molecules on surface of virus or foriegn cells, and there is one antigen for every bacteria or virus you've ever encountered


• antibodies are defensive proteins produced by the immune system when it detects antigens in blood plasma and are specific to one antigen and counter its effects, molecular defense, mark invaders.


• lymphocytes produce immune response, from stem cells in bone marrow


• B cells secrete antibodies


• T cells attack infected body cells


• Humoral Immunity provided by B cells, defend mostly vs. bacteria and virus in bodily fluids


• Cell-mediated Immunity produced by T cells and attack body cells that have been infected
  Responding to Invaders:


• Antigen enters body


• binds with b cells (lymphocytes) that have complementary receptors.


• b cells activated, grow divded into effector cells


• effector cells create antibodies for specific antigen


• antibodies circulate in blood and lymph to bind to agents.

Homework:

Spice Lab I-V

Read Ch 24 with Note Sheet

Disease Video

Study for Test on Friday!!!!!!!!!!!

Next scribe ***Alexis***

9/26 Scribe Post

Today In class:

-Turned in the Cells Alive Internet Lesson (UP 19-22) and the Enzyme Coloring Sheet EC.


-Reviewed the information on the UP pages 7-11 about enzymes
The greater the concentration of enzyme and/or substrate, the greater the reaction rate will be
Enzymes function at an optimal pH level.
Enzymes function at an optimal temperature.

In every reaction process:

• Reactants are what go in



• Enzymes change the reactants
  


• The substrate is the reactant being changed.



• Products are what come out.

For example:

H202 (Hydrogen Peroxide) ----; Catalase (Enzyme)-----; H20+02 (Water and Oxygen)

reactant is the hydrogen peroxide

substrate is the hydrogen peroxide

enzyme is catalase

products of the reaction are water and oxygen

We did the ENZYME LAB!!! (UP pages 12-15)

In a groups of 4, we tested:

Part I- enzyme (catalase) specificity,

Part II- effect of temperature on enzyme activity with :fridge(0 degrees Celsius), incubator(40 degress Celsius), and boiling water (100 degrees Celsius)

Part III- effect of concentration of enzyme,

Part IV- effect of pH on enzyme.

Remember to set up the test tubes in the fridge, incubator, and boiling water before hand so you can do other work while.

Recognize trends and patterns of how enzymes react differently in different situations.

Work efficiently and its really helpful to SPLIT WORK BETWEEN GROUP and collect the data at the end.

Homework:
Finsh entired Enzyme Lab UP 11-18 DUE FRIDAY
READ CH 4 CELLS
Complete Cell pre-lab UP 23-26

Next Scribe: **Siddharth**