Scribe Post 2/24/12

Today In Class We:
-Did our isopod lab

Homework
-Finish UP 51-54 (type up sections and questions)

-UP 55-57 (make sure you color!)

-Prelab UP 59-66

-Nature Due 3/2-Don't wait until the last minute!

For the isopod lab you needed to do background information so make sure you include that in your typed up lab. Isopods belong to the kingdom Animalia and the Phlyum arthropoda with the sub phylum crustacea. Other organisms in this phylum are krill, lobsters, and crabs.

Don't forget to include your hypothesis and purpose!

My group for the lab experimented with the moisture of the environment for the isopod. Other groups may have chosen different things.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R5BXNtJSq7s here is a video with other types of experiments. The music is also REALLY good.

During the experiment we did 3 different trials with 10 pill bugs. Everyone should have had multiple trials along with multiple test subjects. Our experiment contained 3 different chambers. One with half a pipette full of water, one with a full pipette of water, and one dry chamber. The pill bugs seemed to like the half-pipette area most.

You should have found an environment that Pill bugs like more based on your testing.

Hope this sums up everything!

Thanks!

Next Scribe: Melissa

Scribe Post 10/24

Today in Class:
talked about scribe posts
Finished notes on immune system

Homework

• work on disease project-due Monday
  


• read spice lab UP 39-45 and finish procedure on Google Docs



• Worksheet on Bubonic Plague UP 35-35? (It says on the calendar, but I'm not sure)

Scribe Post:
· New requirements:
· One picture on each post (at least)
· need to comment on three separate posts-constructive criticism or explanations
· not just “this is good”
Notes:
Started on Lymphocytes slide “recognizing the Invaders”
Lymphocytes=white blood cells
-produce immune response
-make B cells and T cells
B Cells
-humoral immunity
-mature in bone marrow
-defend against viruses and bacteria present in body fluids
-secrete antibodies
Antibodies
-molecular weapons of defense
-shaped like Y to join to antigen
-Two Jobs: Recognize and bind to certain antigen, Counter antigen’s effect
-main job is to mark invaders
-antibodies------------------------>

T Cells
-go to thymus
-cell mediated immunity: fights viruses/ bacteria in body cells already infected
Helper T cells
-Encounter white blood cell that has injested microbe and has displayed the foreign antigen on its surface
-Receptors on helper T cell bind to the white blood cell at this site
-The binding activates T cell to:
Grow, divide, multiply
Stimulate cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
-Identify infected cells
-bind to infected cell
-secrete Perforin (a protein) that creates a hole in the cell’s membrane
-other T cell proteins enter the cell and cause the cell to die
DO NOT CONFUSE WITH NATURAL KILLER CELLS


Memory
-immune system has a great memory
-remembers antigens we have already encountered: destroys virus before symptoms occur

Active Immunity
-requires work from body
-body produces antibodies as defense
-by having disease or vaccination
Vaccine: Weakened variant of disease-causing microbe or one of its components
-the body recognizes the invader and creates antibodies so it is recognized on reoccurance

Passive Immunity
-no work in body
- injected (shot) of antibodies
-through mother’s bloodstream
IMPORTANT: needs boosters because the body still does not know how to make these antibodies

Primary Immune Response:
-first exposure of lymphocytes to an antigen
-takes several days to produce antibodies
-memory cells then produced to ‘remember’ antigen
-located in lymph nodes

Secondary Immune Response:
-when same antigen is encountered
-memory cells rapidly multiply to produce lymphocytes
-they produce antibodies
-faster and more effective: usually symptom free
-already has “recipe” for antibodies
Immune Disorders
-happens when immune system malfunctions
-Allergies: abnormal sensitivity to antigens in environment
-auto immune disorders: immune system turns against body’s own molecules
-immune deficiency diseases: when body lacks one or more components of immune system

Allergies
-Develop in 2 stages
1. First exposure to allergen
2. Subsequent exposures to same allergen produce allergy symptoms
-allergen enters blood stream
-B cells make anti bodies
-antibodies attach to mast cell
-allergen binds to antibodies on mast cell
-histamine is released causing allergy symptoms

Autoimmune diseases
-Examples:
-Rheumatoid arthritis
-Juvenile Diabetes
-Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
-Lupus

Transplants
-organ needs to match host’s cells as close as possible
-take amino suppressants to help decrease possible rejection
-this weakens the immune system so the people cannot be exposed to any illnesses

Immunodeficiency Diseases
-faulty immune system
examples:
-Hodgkin Disease
-AIDS/HIV

AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
-HIV attacks helper T cells (cells that activate B cells)
-Causes weak immune system so that the cause of death is usually a simple illness not HIV

· Look At UP 49-55 for additional info- good for studying
· Study!!!! Test Friday!

Next Scribe ***Will***

Scribe Post 10/3

What we did in class today

• Finished plasma membrane notes
  


• Completed diffusion, osmosis, and active transport notes

Homework

• Read Lab UP 37-39


• Study for Quiz tomorrow

Diffusion

• When molecules of a substance, or solute, move from area of high concentration to low concentration
  


• must have selectively permeable membrane



• Things that fit through the pores will go to the other side of the membrane to create equal concentration
  


• Equal concentration is called equilibrium
  

Osmosis

• Movement of water from low concentration to high concentration



• Water moves to the side of the membrane with higher concentration of solute



• This helps create an equal density on each side



• The solute does not move because it is too large to fit through the membrane



• When density is equal, it has reached equilibrium
  

Hypertonic Solution

• When the outside of a cell has a higher concentration of solute than the cell
  


• The water moves out of the cell to dilute the outer part with the higher concentration



• This causes the cell to shrivel



• In plant cells it is called plasmolysis
  


• Cells are not usable when this happens because of lack of water
  

Hypotonic Solution

• When a cell contains a higher concentration of solute than the outer part



• Water moves into the cell to balance the concentration



• This is bad in animals cells and causes them to burst: Lysing



• This is very good in plant cells and fills the vacuole: Turgid
  

Isotonic Solution

• When there are equal amounts of solute concentration in the cell and outside of it



• Animals need this to function



• Plants wilt when this happens



• Water moves in and out of the cell to keep balance
  

Osmoregulation

• Controlling water balance



• happens in cells constantly
  

Active Transport

• uses energy
  


• energy in form of ATP



• does not follow same rules as diffusion



• works from low concentration to high, against concentration gradient
  

Exocytosis

• remember by: exo sounds like exit



• removes contents from cell when vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane
  

Endocytosis

• endo sounds like enter
  


• forms vesicle to enter cell

examples:
Phagocytosis- "cell eating" non specific

• Pinocytosis- "cell drinking" non specific



• Receptor mediated- external molecules bond to specific receptor proteins, specific
  

Don't forget to study!

Sorry it won't let me put pictures in

Next Scribe: Charles